![]() ![]() ![]() For "regular" cigarettes, the NNK median ILCR for lung cancer was lower than ILCR CMD obs Σ − lung from CPS-I and II by >90-fold for men and >4-fold for women. Within the Monte Carlo simulation results, NNK was responsible for the greatest ILCR values for all cancer endpoints: median ILCR values for NNK were ~18-fold and 120-fold higher than medians for NNN and benzopyrene, respectively. Computed NNK ILCR values were compared with lifetime risks of lung cancer ( ILCR CMD obs Σ − lung ) derived from American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Studies (CPS) I and II. The three carcinogens considered are benzopyrene, N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). (J Natl Cancer Inst 2000 92:106–111) for MCS emissions of three carcinogens measured under human smoking conditions to compute probability distributions of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values using Monte Carlo simulations. Of the few investigators that have predicted cancer risks from smoking on a chemical-specific basis, most used mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS) carcinogen emissions obtained via machine smoking protocols that only approximate human smoking conditions. The manner in which humans smoke cigarettes is an important determinant of smoking risks. ![]()
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